Today more than ever, we need high-speed circuits with low occupancy and low power as an alternative to CMOS circuits. Therefore, we proposed a new path to build nanoscale circuits such as Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA). This technology is always prone to failure due to its very small size. Therefore, designers always try to design fault-tolerant gates and provide methods to increase the reliability of QCA. By adding redundant cells, the possibility of some defects such as cell omission and cell addition is somewhat reduced. However, in the face of defects such as stuck-at 0/1 faults, Clock fault and bridging fault. We can greatly increase the fault tolerance by appropriate placement and using fault tolerant gates with a suitable structure. In this paper, we design the XOR/XNOR gate with the approach of preventing stuck-at 0/1 fault, clock fault, and bridging fault using the first NNI gate tolerating cell addition fault.

The nitrogen (N) consumption management during the plant growth season plays an important role in achieving maximum crop yield and reducing environmental hazards. Determination of N nutrition index (NNI) is one of the methods for diagnosing plant N status. The main objective of this study was to investigate the role of monitoring NNI in improving nitrogen consumption management. The field experiment was carried out during the growth period of summer maize in Pakdasht region, southeast of Tehran, in 2015 and 2016. Grain yield, dry matter and nitrogen concentration of crop samples from seven treatments including: 0 (N0), 50 (N1), 100 (N2), 150 (N3), 200 (N4), 250 (N5) and 300 kg N. ha-1 (N6) were measured during the growing season. The results showed that NNI monitoring during the growing season could show the variation of N status in different treatments. In addition, NNI was closer to one in the optimal treatment (N4), which produced maximum dry matter with less N application, as compared with other treatments. Moreover, the relative grain yield decreased with a constant rate whenever the NNI was less than one. Agronomy and recycling efficiencies for the N4 treatment were higher than the ones in the other treatments. Water use efficiency of N4, N5 and N6 treatments in both cultivation years was almost equal and more than the ones of other treatments. These results indicated that the water and nitrogen use efficiencies were higher in treatment with NNI closer to 1 (optimal treatment) as compared to other treatments.

Improving nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) is one of the most important challenges in the agricultural sector. The NUtE index, which is the amount of dry biomass (g) produced per nitrogen absorbed (g) by the plant, is influenced by some factors such as climate and nitrogen nutrition status. Therefore, providing management strategies to increase NUtE should be performed by taking into account the nitrogen status of the plant. In this study, relationships between nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) and NUtE in lettuce were extracted based on the concept of critical nitrogen concentration. For this purpose, two experiments were conducted in the research greenhouse of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, located in Karaj, Iran, with six N fertilizer treatments. Then, NUtE and NNI were calculated for all treatments. The results showed that the NNI varied from 0.70 to 1.22 and 0.60 to 1.23 for the first and second experiments, respectively. The NUtE decreased due to the increase in fertilizer application rate. Also, application of nitrogen fertilizer more than the plant uptake capacity led to a decrease in the nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE). The relationship between NUtE and NNI for different dry biomass values was investigated. The results showed that at constant NNI values, NUtE increased non-linearly with increasing dry biomass production. Also, the critical nitrogen utilization efficiency curve (NUtEc) discriminated well between different N treatments. Under the optimal nitrogen nutrition conditions (NNI = 1), the critical value of NUtE for lettuce was equal to 24 (g g-1 N).

Monitoring nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) during the growing season requires costly experiments and is a time-consuming process. Recently, some remarkable studies have been carried out in order to determine NNI by employing different plant parameters which can improve fertilizer and water use efficiency and reduce environmental hazards. The main objective of this study was to estimate the NNI during the growing season of maize by using a non-destructive method. Dry matter (W) and actual nitrogen uptake (Nu), the required parameters for predicting NNI, were estimated by AquaCrop and HYDRUS-2D models, respectively. The critical nitrogen curve, proposed by Ranjbar et al. for summer maize in Iran, was used in this study. Plant and soil samples were taken for calibration and validation of the two models during the two growing seasons. The results showed that AquaCrop can accurately predict maize dry matter production during the growth period (R2 =0. 995, NRMSE= 14. 21 %). Moreover, the accuracy of the estimation of nitrogen uptake by the HYDRUS-2D was relatively acceptable (R2 >0. 907, NRMSE< 28. 20 %). Finally, NNI was calculated using measured (NNIo) and simulated (NNIp) data over the two seasons. Comparing the NNIp versus the NNIo revealed that accuracy of the estimated values was acceptable based on the R2 and NRMSE criteria (>0. 638 and <20. 86, respectively) in both years.

There is no report on the nitrogen nutrition status of wheat fields using nitrogen nutrition index (the ratio of the total actual N to critical N concentration at any time course of the crop growth period) method in Iran. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the N nutrition status of 16 selected wheat fields in Gorgan during 2006-2007 growing season. Plant sampling were conducted in six growth stages during wheat growing season to determine dry matter yields, actual N concentration, critical N concentration and NNI. Soil samples were provided from 0 to 30 and 30 to 60 soil layers to determine some of physical and chemical characteristics, and NO3-N and NH4-N at the early season. Based on the obtained results, dry matter yields of fields were varied from 0.38 ton ha- at the begiNNIng tillering to 12.51 ton ha- at the harvesting maturity. The mean of N concentrations (%) in plant dry matter were 3.09 at begiNNIng tillering, 2.60 at complete tillering, 1.62 at stem elongation, 1.56 at boot stage, 1.14 at the begiNNIng watery ripe stage and 1.08 at harvesting maturity. These results indicate that the most reduction in N concentration occurred in stem elongation stage, and that N concentration in plant dry matter decreased as plants developed. Actual N concentrations in dry matter were substantially less than critical N concentrations at all development stages; The means of critical N concentrations at above mentioned development stages were 4.38, 4.33, 2.88, 2.32, 1.95 and 1.72, respectively. Then, the means NNI for 16 wheat fields were very lower than optimum (NNI=1) at all development stages; 0.71 at begiNNIng tillering, 0.59 at complete tillering, 0.57 at stem elongation, 0.68 at boot stage, 0.59 at the begiNNIng watery ripe stage and 0.61 at harvesting maturity. Based on these findings, N nutrition status in studied wheat fields was unsuitable through growing season, and that N can be considered as one of the limiting factors for wheat growth and yield in these fields. Finally, the obtained results indicated that achieving potential yield of this region using current N management is impossible.

Nitrogen is one of the most widely used nutrients for crop development. Application of nitrogen fertilizers plays a crucial role in increasing agricultural yield and production. In order to achieve maximum crop yield and reduce the negative environmental effects, application of nitrogen fertilizers should be based on the dynamics between nitrogen supply and crop demand. In order to manage the consumption of nitrogen fertilizers, it is necessary to accurately predict the crop nitrogen requirements at different growth stages. In present study, the concept of critical nitrogen concentration (Nc) has been used as an effective approach to determine nitrogen status and estimate nitrogen requirement of basil. For this purpose, basil was cultivated in the research greenhouse of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. Different nitrogen fertilizer treatments were applied at seven levels with three replications. Crop dry matter and nitrogen concentrations were measured seven times during the growth period. Then nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) and basil nitrogen requirement (NR) were calculated for the first experiment. Results showed that, there was a significant regression relationship between basil NNI and NR (R2> 0. 96). Accordingly, the NR prediction model was developed using NNI values and day after planting (DAP). Then, accuracy and performance of the NR-NNI relationship were verified by the second experiment data. The values obtained for RMSE, NMB and NRMSE statistical indicators were less than 1 kg / ha, 0. 10% and 3. 10%, respectively, which indicates high accuracy of the model for prediction of crop nitrogen requirement. In general, results showed that estimation of crop NR based on the concept of Nc could be used as a scientific and suitable approach for managing nitrogen application in agricultural production.

Nitrogen and phosphorus are the most important mineral elements needed by plants that are essential for growth and development of crops. In order to study yield, nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), Chlorophyll index and nitrogen concentration of wheat in different regimes nutrition, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with four replications was done at a research field in Golestan Province during growing seasons 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, The experimental factors were three net nitrogen fertilizer rates of 0, 75 and 150 kg N ha-1 and five net phosphorus fertilizer rates of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg P ha-1 that in stage make ready of field, before from planting, tillering and stem elongation was divided, According to the results, traits under study in each three stage of planting, tillering and stem elongation had significant effect and follow from simple linear regression model, as in each level nitrogen from different levels phosphorus, with increase rate of consumed phosphorus, traits under study were prospered from increasing trend and the maximum traits were recorded with 80 kg P ha-1 that yield was not showed significantly difference analysis with consumption of 60 kg P ha-1, Also The results this experiment showed that on the basis of results of table correlation between traits is very strong relation between nitrogen nutrition index(NNI), chlorophyll index and nitrogen available to plant, so is offered with due attention to deficiency phosphorus fertilizer in field of Golestan Province, in management fertilizer in addition on nitrogen, phosphorus must be considered, also is offered in order to reach to maximum yield is consumed a least 60 kg P net ha-1.